Analytic and synthetic statements Essay Example

Analytic and synthetic statements Essay Example Analytic and synthetic statements Paper Analytic and synthetic statements Paper H.A. Prichard also believes in intuitionism. He says that no definition can be given to the word ‘ought,’ but we all recognise its properties. He thought there were two types of thinking – reason and intuition. Reason looks at the facts of a situation and intuition decides what to do. In any situation, Prichard thought that intuition would show which action was right and where our moral obligation lay. He agreed that there was the problem that people’s morals were different, but said that this was because some people had developed their moral thinking further than others. He says that where there is a conflict of obligations he says we must look at the situation and decide which obligation is greater. However, according to Prichard, intuition would not be something that everyone could use to prove goodness. Another version of intuition was proposed by W.D. Ross. He was a deontologist who argues that it was obvious that certain types of actions, called prima facie duties, were right. In any particular situation we would come to recognise certain prima facie duties. He listed seven classes of prima facie duties: duties of fidelity, reparation, gratitude, justice, beneficence, self-improvement, non-maleficence. Ross says that when these duties conflict, we must follow the one we think it right in the situation, and sometimes one duty will have to give way to another. The duty a person thinks is right in a situation will depend on a person’s moral maturity. According to intuition, religious language is meaningful because people have certain intuitions about right and wrong. The problem with intuitionism is that it claims that we know what is good by intuition and not by empirical evidence but this is not proved by Moore – he says you either agree with him or have not thought about it properly. However, it would seem that if the naturalistic fallacy shows that you cannot conclude value judgements from natural facts by means of evidence obtained through the senses, then the idea of ‘non-natural’ facts and a special ‘intuition’ does not make sense. Some philosophers say that out emotions and practical wisdom gave us this intuitive knowledge. Also, we cannot be sure that intuitions are correct since people may come to different conclusions, whether they use intuition or reason to come to their decisions. There is also the question of how we can decide between our intuitions if sense experience cannot be used. If they contradict each other, both cannot be right, but they will be right for the person whose intuition tells him what to do. We can never know which intuition is true or false; as we do not all recognise goodness intuitively in the same way. Moral intuitions seem to come largely from social condition and differ between cultures, so it is hard to see how such intuitions can be a reliable guide to objective ethical truths. For this reason, intuitionism cannot be used to argue that ethical language is meaningful. The second approach to the meaningfulness of ethical language is the non-cognitivist approach. This is the idea that when someone males a moral statement they are not describing the world, but expressing their feelings or telling people what to do. They say that moral statements are not descriptive they cannot be described as true or false – they are subjective. There is no ethical knowledge, because statements are not statements that can be proved true or false. Thus to say â€Å"Euthanasia is wrong† is not a statement about facts, but some other kind of saying. Non-cognitivists make a distinction between facts and values. This approach is often followed by anti-realists. One non-cognitive theory of ethics is emotivism. A.J Ayer starts with the premise that there is no ethical knowledge because ethical judgements are not the kinds of statements that can be true or false. Emotivism will not tell you how to live a moral life, but simply helps us understand moral statements: as action guiding and as conveying certain attitudes. This view says that when we talk about â€Å"good† and â€Å"bad† we are simply expressing emotional states of approval and disapproval. Any other interpretation of ethical statements is meaningless. A.J Ayer said that there are only two kinds of meaningful statements: analytic and synthetic statements. Analytics statements are the idea that the truth or falsity of the statement can be determined simply by understanding the terms that occur I them. Synthetic statements are the idea that the truth or falsity of a statement can be determined by checking to establish the facts either way. Ethical statements are not verifiable – there are no empirical facts which can be checked to see if any ethical statement is true or false – so they are meaningless. The only way they can be understood is as an expression of feelings. Emotivism shows that the ethical statements we make depend on our own attitudes and feelings, and this can lead it to be criticised as just being subjectivism. However, although Ayer does argue that ethical statements have no factual content, he does not believe they have no meaningful function. It simply reduces ethical statements to the level of giving ones opinion and so they are simply meaningless.

How to Improve a Students Self-Esteem

How to Improve a Students' Self-Esteem Weve long known that when students feel good about themselves, they are much more likely to become better achievers in the classroom. Fostering can-do attitudes and building students confidence by setting them up for success and providing positive feedback along with frequent praise are essential tools for both teachers and parents. Think about yourself, the more confident you feel, the better you feel about the task at hand and your ability to do it. When a child is feeling good about themselves, its much easier to motivate them to become academically proficient. Self-Esteem Comes First Whats the next step? First of all, in order to help improve self-esteem, we have to be careful in the way we provide feedback. Dweck (1999), a proponent of the growth mindset approach,  argues that having a particular goal orientation, (learning goal or performance goal) to base feedback on as opposed to person-orientated praise will be more effective. In other words, avoid using statements like: Im proud of you; Wow, you worked hard. Instead, focus the praise on the task or process. Praise the students specific effort and strategy. For instance, I notice you selected the cube-a-links to solve that problem, thats a great strategy. I noticed that you didnt make any computational errors this time! When using this type of feedback, youve addressed both self-esteem and youve supported the childs motivational level for academic goals. Tips for Building Self Esteem Self-esteem is important in and out of the classroom. Teachers and parents can support self-esteem by remembering some of the following: Always accentuate the positive: Do you ever notice those suffering from a low self- esteem tend to focus on the negative? Youll hear statements like: Oh, I was never any good at that. I cant keep friends. This actually indicates that this person needs to like themselves more!Give children the opportunity to tell you 10 things they like about themselves: Prompt them to state things they can do well, things they feel good about. You will be surprised at how many children suffering from low self-esteem have difficulty with this task - youll need to provide prompts. (This is also a great beginning of the year activity)Avoid criticism: Those suffering from low self-esteem struggle the most when given criticism. Be sensitive to this. Always remember that self-esteem is about how much children feel valued, appreciated, accepted, loved and having a good sense of self-worth. Having a good self-image. Understand that as parents and teachers, you play one of the biggest roles in how good or ba d a child can feel about themselves. The influence of a parent or teacher can make and break a childs sense of self-esteem. Dont abuse it. Expectations must always be realistic: This goes along with setting children up for success. Differentiated instruction is key and goes a long way to ensure that teachers know their students and ensures the types of tasks/expectations match the childs strengths and ability levels.See the learning in errors or mistakes: Turn mistakes inside out and focus on what was or will be learned from the mistake. This helps a child focus on the positive, not the negative. Remind students that everyone makes mistakes but its how those mistakes are handled that makes the difference. We need to see them as learning opportunities. Powerful learning can often be the result of a mistake made.Self-esteem is an important component to almost everything children do: Not only will it help with academic performance, it supports social skills and makes it easier for children to have and keep friends. Relationships with peers and teachers are usually more positive with a healthy dose of self-esteem. Children are also better equipped to cope with mistakes, disappointment, and failure, they are more likely to stick with challenging tasks and complete learning activities. Self-esteem is needed life-long and we need to remember the important role we play to enhance or damage a childs self-esteem. Reference: Dweck, C. S. (1999) Self Theories: Their Role in Motivation, Personality, and Development. Hove: Psychology Press, Taylor and Francis Group.

Arab Politics -The Baath Party Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Arab Politics -The Baath Party - Research Paper Example Baath party is one of the Arab political parties originated in Syria. It has attained international fame because of its association with former Iraq president Saddam Husain. Though Baath party has extended its roots to many Arab countries like Syria, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan etc as a symbol of Arab unity, it didn’t survive long because of its composition of different political regimes and origin The Arab Socialist Baath Party was founded in Syria in the 1940s by a small group of French-educated Syrian intellectuals - Michel Aflaq, a Greek Orthodox, and Salah al-Din al-Bitar, a Sunni Muslim. The word Baath means renaissance in Arabic. (Kafala) The educated Muslim intellectuals have visualized the whole Arab countries as a single entity and their aim was to bring all the Arab people under one flag of the Baath party. Their aim was not motivated by any selfish aspects. They have felt the need of a single Arab party in order to counter the external threats from countries like Israel and America. Baath party was a secular Arab party. â€Å"Socialism (not Marxism) was quickly adopted as the party’s economic dogma: â€Å"Unity [Arab], Freedom [from colonialism], and Socialism† are still the watchwords.† (The Syrian Encyclopaedia) Though Baath party has accepted socialism as the economic principle, it differed from communism in many ways. Communism mostly works for the working class of the whole world whereas Baath party stressed the importance of economic equality among all the peoples of Arab countries. They have given focus on Arab culture alone and hence they concentrated on the Middle East region alone. Communism, on the other hand, doesn’t have any boundaries; it works for the whole working class in the world. â€Å"The Iraqi Baath party was founded in 1951 and had 500 members three years later. Saddam Hussein joined it as a 20-year-old in 1956.  

Marketing of Dairy Products Made Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Marketing of Dairy Products Made - Essay Example Further, yak milk has a distinct flavor and caters only to a niche market, therefore; marketing, the category of yak milk will be more important than marketing this particular brand. Any marketing campaign will need to set the groundwork for yak milk benefits rather than Land ‘o Lake branded yak milk features. i. The team of professionals working on the project is experienced and has the expertise required. Simultaneously, the local Chinese team of Dr. Wu and Mr. Dongzhou is a very suitable partner, as they have the government contracts; the local perspective and the experience of working in the country that the team can count on to formulate a successful and far-reaching campaign. Further to the fact that Dr. Wu and Mr. Dongzhou have good government contracts, the political structure of the country is such that if the right officials are on board and are agreeable to the project, the campaign has better chances of success. ii. The government is interested in developing the Tibetan region and has been working on developing the infrastructure to empower the impoverished herdsmen. Thus the team will have the government’s support on its side if the team and the local partners lobby it with the officials as being a tool to improve the lives of the poor in that region. The team can promote the idea to the government that by selling their cattle’s milk, the herdsmen will be provided a viable opportunity for conducting business and raising the standard of living in the region. i. Even though the team from Land ‘ o Lakes has local partners, the team itself has relatively little experience of working in developing countries and therefore it will be difficult for them to truly grasp the nuances of local culture. ii. The advertising campaigns currently being undertaken are well developed and sophisticated, given this context, the yak milk project will have a very slight to nil margin of error in depicting local tastes.

The effects of power Essay Example for Free

The effects of power Essay The power of union and the management although different in nature both affects the outcome of a negotiation.   The power of the union is based on numbers whereas power exercised by management is power conferred upon it by the nature of the business.   In negotiations, there is always a point of equilibrium where both parties are going to benefit from the exchange and which is the most profitable point for both parties.   However, this point of equilibrium can be manipulated into moving towards either side by the power the two parties possess.   The effects of the power exercised management and the power exercised by the union during negotiations differ as to the situation or the environment, when the company is involved in a business that requires highly technical employees, the union will probably have a stronger bargaining power than the management especially since the workers are under short supply.   In cases where the management is required to face-off with a union that is composed of low-skilled employees and the situs of the company is abundant on such resource, then management will be able to steer the negotiations towards the direction that is most favorable to it. Balancing of power   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Balancing of power can be equated as the power of both parties negating each other and thus ending in a state of equilibrium wherein both parties have reached the best possible solution to their problems.   Balancing of power can only be achieved if both parties â€Å"assume that mutual gains are possible, and should not assume that one party must suffer for the other to benefit† (McCarthy, 1991).   Balancing of power is important because it is in this state that both parties are benefited without sacrificing too much of their demands.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are several ways to maintain this balance of power and prevent its abuse.   One tactic is to understand others’ interests, another is to analyze the sources of power available to all parties – but not being paralyzed by it, another tactic is to consider other options making your position flexible thus reducing the risk of the other party easily influencing or manipulating you, and also, you must understand your personal style, your own strengths and weaknesses to know what you are capable of and protect oneself from the other party’s bluffs (Kochan, 2005). Power over employment status   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Power that is normally exercised by management is the power over the employment status of an employee.   Although several state policies and internal company policies are aimed to prevent the abuse of this power when dealing with individual workers, it is still commonplace that management easily manipulates the lowly worker into succumbing to its wishes under the pressures of losing his or her job.   It is because of this power that there can be no effective communication between a worker and management in conflict situations.   When entering into conflict negotiations, the ideal state is that the parties are on equal footing, however, there can be no equality when the other party has control over your livelihood.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Regardless of this power that management holds, the lowly worker can seek redress from the courts on grounds of equity.   Courts knowing the imbalance between the two parties are more inclined to rule in favor of the lowly worker given there is sufficient basis.   Because of this fear of litigation and the prospect of losing more money in the long run, most companies are now shifting towards justice and fairness in conflict resolutions.   As a matter of fact, â€Å"Eighty-three percent of corporate executives report the fear of a lawsuit affects their decisions† (Hubert, 1998) and tend to do what is equitable. References Hubert, Denise V.M. (1998). The First Step in Alternative Dispute Resolution: Fact-Finding. Retrieved January 27, 2008, from http://www.management-advantage.com/newsletr/jul98.htm Kochan, Tom (2005). Negotiations and Conflict Management Basic Concepts: Theory and Practice. Retrieved January 27, 2008, from http://ocw.mit.edu/NR/rdonlyres/Sloan-School-of-Management/15-668Fall-2005/F06D4B27-6A22-4FDD-9449-B2664318C7C4/0/lecture_12.pdf McCarthy, William (1991). The Role of Power and Principle in Getting to Yes. Retrieved January 27, 2008, from http://www.colorado.edu/conflict/peace/problem/mcca7535.htm

Analysis of The One Minute Manager by Kenneth Blanchard and Spencher Jo

Analysis of The One Minute Manager by Kenneth Blanchard and Spencher Johnson The One Minute Manager by Kenneth Blanchard, Ph.D. and Spencer Johnson, M.D., seems like a practical simple plan on managing people and there for other areas of one’s life, however I must admit I am a little skeptical. The three philosophies do make sense especially once analogies are used to put them into more simple terms. Being in the work force for more than fourteen years I have witnessed many types of mangers. I have worked for hostile managers, calm caring managers and managers who fit somewhere in between. My skepticism with this theory is simply applying its use. On paper this method sounds great and makes a lot of key points, but again after seeing first hand the types of people in management positions I think the challenge comes from undoing current behavior. My observation of people in general, is that they unwelcome change and find it uncomfortable. The first philosophy â€Å"One Minute Goal Setting† makes tasks assigned to the individual clear and precise. The manager first expresses goals that need to be accomplished. Once an agreement is made, each goal is written down in 250 words or less. It is strongly held that it should take no more than a minute to read. You should reinforce each goal throughout the day. Also take time to look at your performance and see if your behavior matches your goals. I agree with this theory and think there should be more interaction at the beginning of an assignment. With One Minute goal setting everything is out on the table. There is no dispute on what should have been done or didn’t get done. The bowling analogy used has a lot of truth to it. If there were a sheet in front of the pins with a supervisor standing behind it, it would be hard to tell how well your doing because you can’t see the pins or goal. Only the supervisor knows your score. I see this a lot in staff meetings. There are usually conflicts between my manager and staff because of misunderstandings on the task assigned. This is where the conflict resides. The employee feels they did exactly what was asked while the employer thinks the job was done incorrectly. This usually causes my boss to criticize the work and most if not all people take it personally. Then, once the meeting is over, my peers will get defensive and complain t... ...my relationships with family, friends and loved ones I have a habit of not dealing with disappointing feelings right away because I don’t want to cause conflict. My feelings begin to fester and I become more sensitive to other things that normally wouldn’t tick me off, but do, because I am still upset about the first problem. Before you know it, I blow up and everything comes out anyway. Usually the person I am upset with has to hear about what they did a month ago and everything in between. This puts that person on the defense and nothing really gets accomplished until a few days later when we all calm down to discuss the issue. So logically if I dealt with my feelings in the beginning, the blowouts could be avoided and I could calmly get my point across with little conflict. Overall the â€Å"One Minute Manager† concept seems like a dynamic way to keep employees happy and content in their jobs. In my opinion, I think the theory appears too good to be true. I am skeptical because managers would need to struggle with changing their current behavior. I think for me to be convinced that this would work in the real life of business, I would need to experience it first hand.

Nestle Crunch Marketing Plan Essay

Executive Summary This marketing plan was created for Nestle Crunch to position itself in the next year to deliver at least $13 million in profit without increasing the budget by over $2 million. An analysis of the chocolate confectionery market will be analyzed to develop marketing strategies to implement to satisfy these objectives. situation analyses Market Size Crunch is produced by the largest food and beverage company, which is Nestle. Retail sales of chocolate confectionery comprised of $33.8 billion in retail sales, which $16.9 billion were in chocolate sales. Market Trends The growth rate of chocolate confectionery lagged behind the cereal, gum, and sugar confectionery and showing very little projected growth through 2014. Unit Volume 35% of the market share in sales were the Regular sized Chocolates, 30% were for the miniatures, 25% were of promotional items (promotes seasonal sales), and then there were the king sizes which made up of only 10% of the market sales. Price Nestlà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s strategy was to list the lowest price on their bars at $0.79 each for Butterfinger and Crunch, while its close competitor, Hershey’s priced its Bars and Reese’s cups at $0.89. The other competitor, Mars, priced theirs even higher at $0.99 each. Price increase would result in lost in sales. Product Services Offered Nestle Crunch offered consumers a chocolate confectionery that served as an indulgent treat in contrast to satisfying hunger. SWOT Analysis In SWOT, strengths and weaknesses are internal factors. In business, the strengths identified are what a business works to maintain, build, and leverage. Weaknesses that are identified should be removed, resolved, or remedied. Opportunities and threats are external factors. External factors are, in most part, out of our external locus of control. We can only either optimize it or deal with it. Opportunities should be prioritized and optimized. Identified threats must be acknowledged by a business and/or develop counter measures for it, if any (SWOT Analysis, 2009). INTERNAL Strengths Offer the lowest prices among competitors Crunch is regarded as an indulgence, a reward, or treat Participates in all channels of distribution Produced by the worlds’ largest food and beverage company – Nestle Weaknesses Marketing budget cannot increase more than $2M from the previous year (2009) Its positioned to target males and young adults who were not the largest chocolate consumers EXTERNAL Opportunities Large market in the Midwest Females and children consumed most of the chocolate confectionery Psychographic segments that are potential target markets: Practical value seekers Confection loving moderators TV has the greatest reach Threats Chocolate sales lag behind sugar confectionery, cereal bar and gum Competitors –Hershey and Mars in the U.S. market share marketing strategy Positioning We want to position Crunch as: â€Å"Nestle Crunch is for women and children who want to reward themselves to an indulgent chocolate treat, because Nestle Crunch is the only chocolate bar that tells you best that you deserve it.† strategy development Objective The mission is to deliver at least $13 million in profit without increasing the budget by more than $2 million. Targeted Consumer Demographics Target Market Crunch satisfies a consumer’s need to satisfy an indulgent desire, and promotion is used to trigger these impulses. Therefore, promotion is vital to increasing sales. Specifically, to children and females (teenage females, adult females, and mothers) who mostly attribute chocolate as an indulgent desire according to the Figure below In addition, according to the research, women are 51% of the population and consume 6% more chocolate than men. Children and young adults under the age of 25 comprise 60% of the population. In terms of geography, the Midwest is 22% of the population and the region that sells the most chocolate confectionery. strategy development Financial Projections Strategy and Execution Minus 1 event of free standing insert (FSI) coupon good on one regular size Crunch bar Add I event of A regular bar bonus size (+25%) is offered during 2-week promotional period; it was not offered in 2009 Minus 1 event of a 2-week store display featuring regular size Crunch Distribution increases by 2.0 percentage points A Crunch price increase of +12.5% on all products would match Hershey’s retail prices but would still be less than Mars’ prices; no pricing action was taken in 2009 The following table shows the impact on sales and profit when making changes  in the marketing mix. According to the table, with the marketing mix selected we are able to achieve our objective of ensuring production contribution of at least $13 million, our profitability percentage change is at least over 15%, and budget does not increase by more than $2 million. Advertising and Promotion Media Marketing The media vehicles for advertising that will be utilized are TV, print, and online. Since TV has the greatest reach, 70% is allocated in the budget for TV advertising and promotion; 20% for online and 10% of the budget for print marketing. The total budget for these media marketing is a little below $12.9 million We have an estimated reach of 90% for the TV advertising and marketing and 10% and 20% for print and online respectively. The pie graph below illustrates the media mix selection: Pricing strategy The pricing strategy will be to increase the price of Crunch by 12.5%, which will match the Hershey’s retail price, but will still be below the price of Mars. An increase in price does result in a decrease in sales, but after thorough examination of the P&L, it will show an increase in profitability to justify the drop in sales. Distribution strategy Increasing the distribution showed to increase sales. Since a large percentage of sales were sold through other distribution channels besides mass merchandisers, supermarkets, and convenient stores, an increase in distribution to the other channels that include drug stores, warehouse club, and vending machines, justify a slight budget increase as shown in the Figure below. The following figure summarizes the marketing plan Promotions, advertising, and special events are concentrated on the special holidays that historically show increase sales in the chocolate confectionery market. Many of the events are also focused mostly in the Midwest, because this region is shown to have the highest sales and consumption in the nation. The budget is kept below a $2 million increase while still accomplishing the goal of increasing profitability. Other Metrics The following table shows 2008 and 2009 chocolate confectionery market size and market shares of Nestlà © Crunch and its competitors as additional references. References Alan Chapman. SWOT Analysis. (2009, October 13). Retrieved October 16, 2009, from http://www.marketingteacher.com/Lessons/lesson_swot.htm U.S. CHOCOLATE CONFECTIONERY: DYNAMIC MARKETING PLANNING. Retrieved on June 02, 2014 from : https://brenau.instructure.com/courses/1209789/pages/course-documents?module_item_id=10683688

Regression: Soft Drink Demand

DATA SET 1 Soft Drink Demand Estimation Demand can be estimated with experimental data, time series data or cross section data. Sara Lee Corporation generates experimental data in test stores where the effect of an NFL-licensed Carolina Panthers logo on Champion sweatshirt sales can be carefully monitored. Demand forecasts usually rely on time series data. In contrast, cross-section data appear in Table 1. Soft drink consumption in cans per year is related to six pack price, income per capita, and mean temperature across the 48 contiguous sates in the United States Question . Estimate the demand for soft drinks using a multiple regression program available on your computer. 2. Interpret the coefficients and calculate the price elasticity of soft drink demand 3. Omit price from the regression equation and observe the bias introduced into the parameter estimate for income. 4. Now omit both price and temperature from the regression equation. Should a marketing plan for soft drinks be de signed that relocates most canned drink machines into low income neighborhoods?Why or Why not? DATA SET 2 The data are the results of the following market research experiment by a large company. The company’s total market area was divided into 40 equally populated market areas, and the price to be charged for the product was set to be the same in each area. Then, the weekly amount of advertising expenditure ($) in each of these market areas was set as indicated in column B. The weekly sales (y units) in each market area was then recorded as shown in column C. 1.Use linear regression to estimate a linear equation describing how the value of sales (y) varies with the level of the fitted equation. 2. Assess the validity of the fitted equation. 3. If the product sells at a price of $100 and costs $70 per unit to produce, estimate a linear equation for the company’s weekly profit in terms of its advertising expenditure (x). DATA SET 3 The Sales of Cycle City, a large motorc ycle and moped distributor, grew significantly during the 1990s. This past history of sales growth is indicated in data set 3. . What is the compound annual rate of growth in sales for Cycle City over this 10 year period? 2. Based on your answer in part (1) what sales would you have forecasted for the next (2001)? 3. Graph the growth in sales over the 10 years. What happened to the rate of growth over this period? 4. Based on your answer to Part (3), what sales would you have forecasted for 2001. DATA SET 4 Pizza firm The manager of pizza firm collects data on the last 24 month of pizza sales from her own company records.Where Q= sales of pizza at Checkers Pizza P = Price of a pizza at Checker Pizza M = Average annual household income in Westbury Pai = price of a pizza at Al’s Pizza Oven Pbmac = price of Big Mac at McDonald’s 1. Estimate the linear demand function for Checkers Pizza compare to nonlinear model 2. Estimate demand elasticities at values of P, M, Pal, and Pbmac at values P=9. 05, M=26614 , Pal = 10. 12 and Pbmac = 1. 15 (for either demand function) 3. Forecast linear trend regression model to forecast income in month 30 DATA Set 5The copper data consist of 25 annual observations on world consumption of copper, copper price and the exogenous variables required to estimate industry demand and supply equation Data presented are actually valued for 1950-1975 Qc= world consumption sales of copper in 1000 of metric tons Pc = price of copper in cents per pound (inflation adjusted) M= index of real per capita income 1970=100 Pa = price of aluminum in cents per pound (inflation adjusted) X= ratio of consumption in the previous year to production in the previous year (=Qc/Qp) T=technology (time period is a proxy) 1.Estimate the copper industry demand and supply equation 2. Locate copper demand and supply in year 26 3. Calculate the intersection of the demand and supply functions DATA Set 6 Given data set 6, the quantity demanded of a commodity (Y) ,it’s price (X1) and consumer income (X2) from 1986-2005 1. Estimate the regression equation of Y on X1 and X2 2. Assess the validity of the fitted equation. 3. What is price elasticity at $4 and income elasticity at level 3800? Explain what kind of commodity (Y) is? 4. Forecast linear trend regression model to forecast income in year 2006 Regression: Soft Drink Demand DATA SET 1 Soft Drink Demand Estimation Demand can be estimated with experimental data, time series data or cross section data. Sara Lee Corporation generates experimental data in test stores where the effect of an NFL-licensed Carolina Panthers logo on Champion sweatshirt sales can be carefully monitored. Demand forecasts usually rely on time series data. In contrast, cross-section data appear in Table 1. Soft drink consumption in cans per year is related to six pack price, income per capita, and mean temperature across the 48 contiguous sates in the United States Question . Estimate the demand for soft drinks using a multiple regression program available on your computer. 2. Interpret the coefficients and calculate the price elasticity of soft drink demand 3. Omit price from the regression equation and observe the bias introduced into the parameter estimate for income. 4. Now omit both price and temperature from the regression equation. Should a marketing plan for soft drinks be de signed that relocates most canned drink machines into low income neighborhoods?Why or Why not? DATA SET 2 The data are the results of the following market research experiment by a large company. The company’s total market area was divided into 40 equally populated market areas, and the price to be charged for the product was set to be the same in each area. Then, the weekly amount of advertising expenditure ($) in each of these market areas was set as indicated in column B. The weekly sales (y units) in each market area was then recorded as shown in column C. 1.Use linear regression to estimate a linear equation describing how the value of sales (y) varies with the level of the fitted equation. 2. Assess the validity of the fitted equation. 3. If the product sells at a price of $100 and costs $70 per unit to produce, estimate a linear equation for the company’s weekly profit in terms of its advertising expenditure (x). DATA SET 3 The Sales of Cycle City, a large motorc ycle and moped distributor, grew significantly during the 1990s. This past history of sales growth is indicated in data set 3. . What is the compound annual rate of growth in sales for Cycle City over this 10 year period? 2. Based on your answer in part (1) what sales would you have forecasted for the next (2001)? 3. Graph the growth in sales over the 10 years. What happened to the rate of growth over this period? 4. Based on your answer to Part (3), what sales would you have forecasted for 2001. DATA SET 4 Pizza firm The manager of pizza firm collects data on the last 24 month of pizza sales from her own company records.Where Q= sales of pizza at Checkers Pizza P = Price of a pizza at Checker Pizza M = Average annual household income in Westbury Pai = price of a pizza at Al’s Pizza Oven Pbmac = price of Big Mac at McDonald’s 1. Estimate the linear demand function for Checkers Pizza compare to nonlinear model 2. Estimate demand elasticities at values of P, M, Pal, and Pbmac at values P=9. 05, M=26614 , Pal = 10. 12 and Pbmac = 1. 15 (for either demand function) 3. Forecast linear trend regression model to forecast income in month 30 DATA Set 5The copper data consist of 25 annual observations on world consumption of copper, copper price and the exogenous variables required to estimate industry demand and supply equation Data presented are actually valued for 1950-1975 Qc= world consumption sales of copper in 1000 of metric tons Pc = price of copper in cents per pound (inflation adjusted) M= index of real per capita income 1970=100 Pa = price of aluminum in cents per pound (inflation adjusted) X= ratio of consumption in the previous year to production in the previous year (=Qc/Qp) T=technology (time period is a proxy) 1.Estimate the copper industry demand and supply equation 2. Locate copper demand and supply in year 26 3. Calculate the intersection of the demand and supply functions DATA Set 6 Given data set 6, the quantity demanded of a commodity (Y) ,it’s price (X1) and consumer income (X2) from 1986-2005 1. Estimate the regression equation of Y on X1 and X2 2. Assess the validity of the fitted equation. 3. What is price elasticity at $4 and income elasticity at level 3800? Explain what kind of commodity (Y) is? 4. Forecast linear trend regression model to forecast income in year 2006

The Appreciation Of An Exchange Rate †Economics Essay

The Appreciation Of An Exchange Rate – Economics Essay Free Online Research Papers The Appreciation Of An Exchange Rate Economics Essay The appreciation of a exchange rate can send mixed feelings and mixed signals. It is important you read those signals adequately. An appreciating exchange rate has numerous affects in the economy. Its appreciating sends ripples through the economy. The exchange affects the amount of a commodity we buy .It also has an impact on what type of commodity we buy. Yet purchases are not the only thing affected. The selling of our commodities and merchandise is affected as much if not more. When our exchange rate appreciates it means that our dollar is appreciating. This has its ups and downs. Often nations will fix their exchange to get what they think is the biggest advantage. Fortunately Australia has a free exchange rate which means that it is not controlled. The appreciation of our dollar affects things such as the following. Imports are less expensive Exports drop due to their price CAD will rise because of more demand of imports Foreign investment will fall due to contraction in export and domestic competing markets. When our exchange rate appreciates it will cause our exports to fall. The reason for this is because our dollar is now stronger which means our international buyers find it dearer to buy from us. They have to pay us in Australian dollar but because our dollar is stronger it is too expensive for them to buy from us. One of the winners in the appreciating of our exchange rate is imports. As our dollar appreciates and gets stronger it will mean that our buying power will increase on the international market. The way it works, take for example of a buyer from Australia buying coffee from Argentina. Previously he could buy two bags for a dollar now that our dollar is stronger we can buy more of their currencies which means he can now buy three bags of coffee. Now you might think this is a good thing but there are always two sides to every tale. Now that our dollar is stronger the domestic market can purchase imports comparatively cheaper than before. This means an increase in things like luxury items. This is where the problems start. The moment the private sector start buying imported goods and luxury items it increases our international debt and our CAD. This is not the only problem say for example both Australia and Japan both make shoes. Now that our dollar is stronger it means that it is cheaper for us to buy the shoes made in Japan rather than the local shoes. This causes a couple of problems. Firstly it means that our money and incomes are flowing out of the country and secondly because we are know buying shoes from overseas our local industries suffer which then creates unemployment. Another industry and sector of the public that will find the appreciation of the exchange rate good is the people that travel overseas. The reason for this is that if the dollar appreciates they will lose less or might not lose anything when converting their currencies. Things that they buy overseas will also be cheaper for them than previously. One of the main groups that will prosper form the appreciation of the dollar is the debtors. Companies that have huge foreign debt will prosper while the dollar is strong. The reason for this is that if the dollar gets stronger we can payback more of the debt because we can buy more of the local currency than before the appreciation. Yet one thing that is sure to hurt Australia if the exchange rate appreciates is the decline in overseas tourists. If our dollar gets to strong it will be very expensive for tourists to come and visit our nation. The cost of it would deter many tourists. The main problem for them would be when they have to convert their currency into ours they would lose a sufficient amount. This is hard to imagine yet countries in Europe experienced this problem when they joined the Euro because it became very expensive for tourists. Research Papers on The Appreciation Of An Exchange Rate - Economics EssayDefinition of Export QuotasThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaPETSTEL analysis of IndiaIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalTwilight of the UAWThe Project Managment Office SystemBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of Self19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraPersonal Experience with Teen Pregnancy

Converting Cubic Feet to Liters

Converting Cubic Feet to Liters This example problem demonstrates how to convert cubic feet to liters. The cubic foot is the U.S.  and imperial unit of volume for a cube that has sides that are 1 foot in length. The liter is an SI or metric unit of volume. It is the volume of a cube that has sides that are 10 centimeters in length. The conversion between the two systems is fairly common, particularly if youre working with liquefied gases. Cubic Feet to Liter Conversion Problem What is this  volume  of  1 cubic foot  in liters? Many conversion factors are difficult to remember. Converting  cubic feet to liters would fall into this category. The unit-canceling method  is helpful in performing this kind of problem because it uses many easily remembered conversions that relate the original units to the final units, as follows: 1 foot 12 inches1 inch 2.54 centimeters1,000 cubic centimeters 1 liter Using these steps, you can express feet to centimeters as: Distance in cm (distance in ft) x (12 in/1 ft) x (2.54 cm/1 in)Distance in cm (distance in ft) x 30.48 cm/ft Convert these distances into volume measurements of cm3 and ft3: Cube volume (linear measurement)3, so:Volume in cm3 [(distance in feet) x 30.48 cm/ft]3Volume in cm3 (volume in ft3) x 28316.85 cm3/ft3 Convert cubic centimeters to liters: Volume in liters (volume in cm3) x (1 L/1,000 cm3)Volume in liters (volume in cm3)/1,000 L/cm3 Insert the cubic volume from the previous step: Volume in liters [(volume in ft3) x 28316.85 cm3/ft3)]/1,000 L/cm3Volume in liters (volume in ft3) x 28.317 L/ft3 Now you have your conversion factor of cubic feet to liters. Insert 1 cubic foot into the volume in ft3 part of the equation: Volume in liters (1 ft3) x 28.317 L/ft3Volume in liters 28.317 L Therefore, one cubic foot is equal to 28.317 liters of volume. Liter to Cubic Feet Example The conversion factor works the other way, too. For example, convert 0.5 liter to cubic feet. Use the conversion factor 1 cubic foot 28.317 liters: Cubic feet (0.5 liter) x (1 cubic foot / 28.317 liters) The liters cancel out on the top and bottom, leaving you with 0.5 / 28.317, and giving an answer of 0.018 cubic feet. Tips for Success The key to working the unit conversion correctly is to make certain the unwanted unit cancels out and leaves the desired unit. Its also worthwhile to keep track of significant digits. Remember there are about 28 liters in a cubic foot. If youre converting from cubic feet to liters, expect to get a larger number than you started with. If youre converting from cubic feet to liters, your final answer will be a smaller number.

Cost Variance in Healthcare Organizations Research Paper

Cost Variance in Healthcare Organizations - Research Paper Example Like other healthcare organizations, the budget management in this healthcare organization is said to be underdeveloped. This is the reason why we have identified it for the analysis so that we can make possible recommendations. Strategies of Managing Budgets Within Forecast Managing budgets within forecasts is significant in revenue attainment and costs containment. However, ensuring that budgets remain within forecasts is not an easy task. Moreover, budget forecasts are not always accurate in terms of budgetary estimates they give. This makes designing of a strategic budgets management approach to be a necessity in healthcare organizations. In this healthcare organization, specific strategies exist for managing budgets within forecasts. These strategies vary both in their characteristics and in applicability. However, the majority of them are applicable in healthcare organizations like the one identified in this paper. One of the strategies that could be significant in managing bud gets within forecasts is the use of both quantitative and qualitative approaches during forecasting. According to Cole (2003), quantitative approach uses numeric data such as statistics and the accounting data to draw projections. Qualitative approach, on the other hand, uses explicit assumptions and individual judgments about the assumptions to draw conclusions (Cole, 2003). Combination of these two approaches, when looking for budget forecast estimates, assists in obtaining the most accurate and unbiased estimates. These estimates guide the actions taken to maintain the budget within the forecasts. As a result, the strategy could help in managing the budgets within forecasts. The interval which the forecast is based on is significant in obtaining accurate estimates from the forecast. Another strategy that could be adapted to manage budgets within forecasts is the use of small intervals when forecasting. The strategy can be implemented by use of a rolling forecast produced on a qua rterly basis to provide a full-year outlook (Dressler, 2004). An approach that uses short intervals like this one can promote obtaining of more accurate forecasts. Moreover, it can provide forecast estimates that could be obtained from within the large interval forecasts. This could greatly assist in managing budgets within forecasts, thus promoting operability of the organization. According to Cokins (2006), budgeting and financial planning are confusing to many organizations. As a result, many organizations in different industries find it difficult to integrate the two as organizational management. A strategy of employing budgeting together with financial planning in management of an organization is another strategy that could help in managing budgets within forecasts. Financial planning would assist in the drawing of accurate forecasts while budgeting would be assisting in maintaining the spending within the forecasts. However, for this to be achieved, these two aspects must be u sed in an integrated manner. Otherwise, they would not be able to supplement each other, thus failing to achieve their objectives. Expense Results With Budget Expectation Healthcare organizations have several expense results. Each of the results has its own budget expectation. Five of the most significant expense results of healthcare organizations such as the one identified in this paper are salary and wages expenses,